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A fast and efficient phenylselenylation of allyl acetates by diphenyl diselenide and indium(i) bromide has been achieved in neat under the catalysis of Ru(acac)3. The intermediate complex of diphenyl diselenide and indium has been isolated and identified as a polymeric pentacoordinated In(iii) selenolate complex, [In(SePh)3]n.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The purpose of this investigation is to synthesize formic acid by hydrogenation of CO2. The catalysts or catalyst precursors employed in these studies under 6 MPa(CO2/H2) and at 60C, were ruthenium chloride or ruthenium complexes. The turnover number obtained for formic acid production was ca. 200 by using ethanol/water (5:1) for a 5 h reaction period. In the reaction mechanism the CO2 is activated by the ruthenium complex with formation of metal-formate intermediate HCO2RuH(CO)(PPh3)3, which releases formic acid by reductive elimination of the hydrido-formate ligands.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Single-crystal X-ray studies on beta-RuCl3 and RuBr 3 at different temperatures verified, that both compounds are dimorphic and show reversible phase transitions at 206 K resp. 384 K. In the HT-forms the Aristo-type of the hexagonal TiI3-structure with space group P63/m c m (Z = 2, beta-RuCl3 at 293(2) K: a = 6.121(2) A, c =5.655(2) A, RuBr3 at 423(3) K: 6.5215(12) A, c = 5.8851(13) A) has been found, in the LT-forms the RuBr 3-type structure, an orthorhombic distorted variant with space group Pmmn (Z = 4, beta-RuCl3 at 170(3) K: a = 10.576(2) A, b = 5.634(1) A, c = 6.106(1) A, RuBr3 at 293(2) K: a =11.2561(16) A, b = 5.8725(12) A, c = 6.4987(9) A). A hexagonal closest packing of X- anions forms the basis of an arrangement of infinite chains with face-connected [RuX6/2] octahedra. While in the chains of the hexagonal HT-forms the Ru-Ru-distances are identical (d(Ru-Ru) = 2.8275(10) A for beta-RuCl3, d(Ru-Ru) = 2.9425(6) A for RuBr 3), in the orthorhombic structures the chains are distorted through pairing of the ruthenium(III) atoms (d(Ru-Ru) = 2.6328(14) A / 3.0010(15) A for beta-RuCl3 at 170(3) K, d(Ru-Ru) = 2.765(1) A / 3.108(1) A for RuBr3 at 293(2) K). The hexagonal metric with a/c= ?3 holds also for the orthorhombic LT-forms. Large crystals and the final products of the phase transition from HT- to LT-forms are pseudomerohedral twins of three twin domains with nearly equal amounts complicating proof and analysis of the LT-forms.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Significant advantages result from combining the disparate hydrogen release pathways for ammonia-borane (AB) dehydrogenation using ionic liquids (ILs) and transition metal catalysts. With the RuCl2(PMe3) 4 catalyst precursor, AB dehydrogenation selectivity and extent are maximized in an IL with a moderately coordinating ethylsulfate anion.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Recent emphasis on green chemistry has called for the exploration of more environmentally friendly media such as supercritical CO2 and water. Ionic liquids offer interesting alternative reaction media to volatile organic solvents due to their low vapor pressure and the possibility of recycling. Towards this end, we have explored the addition of activated methylenes to alkenes in ionic liquids and under neat conditions. These alternatives are advantageous over our previous method, which requires the use of toxic organic solvent and expensive catalysts. Our results show that 1,3-diketones can be added to alkenes in ionic liquid with the use of 10% SnBr4 or under solventless conditions with 10% Cu(OTf)2. Up to 85% yield can be achieved using these new methodologies.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Ba-promoted Ru/HTAC (hydrogen-treated active carbon) is a promising ammonia catalyst. The active form of a promoter derived from the Ba(NO3)2 precursor over the Ru/AC catalyst was studied. The promoter components under reaction conditions were BaO and Ba(OH)2, of which the molar ratio varied with the temperature and water vapor pressure, obeying the reversible reaction BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2. The activity was changed reversibly depending on the chemical form, BaO or Ba(OH)2. The stronger promoting effect of BaO vs. Ba(OH)2 was attributed to its stronger electron donation to ruthenium. The activity drop at 588 K of the sample activated at 823 K was due to the decrease of the BaO portion resulting from the contained water vapor. Deactivation at high temperature could not happen because of the thermodynamic equilibrium of BaO/Ba(OH)2. BaO-promoted Ru/AC catalyst in ammonia synthesis could be activated reversibly after making contact with oxygen-containing molecules.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The metallated complex [Ru(tbp)(tpy)][PF6] [Htbp = 6-(2-thienyl)-2,2?-bipyridine, tpy = 2,2?:6?,2?-terpyridine] is converted to the non-metallated species [Ru(Htbp)(tpy)][PF6] containing an N,N,S-bonded Htbp ligand upon treatment with acid; this process is reversed upon reaction of [Ru(Htbp)(tpy)][PF6] with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The sensitivity of organometallic catalysts to oxygen, water, and heteroatom functionalized substrates has often hampered their evolution from research laboratories to full-scale, on-line industrial processes. Polymerizations using group VIII metals are preceded by a sometimes lengthy initiation period that effectively limits their usefulness. It is during this initiation period that a small amount of reactive metal carbene is formed which then very rapidly polymerizes the cyclic olefin present. During efforts to decrease this initiation period the authors found that rigorous exclusion of water from the reaction mixture actually had an unexpected effect. Rather than deactivating these metal catalysts, water actually acts as a cocatalyst by dramatically decreasing the initiation period required for the reaction. The unusual finding eventually culminated in the discovery that the polymerization of the 7-oxanorbornene derivatives proceeds rapidly in water alone to produce the desired ROMP polymer in nearly quantitative yields.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The objectives of this study were to functionalize the carbon black surface by chemically introducing oxygenated groups using plasma technology. This should enable a better interaction of the carbon support with the metallic catalyst nanoparticles, hindering posterior support particle agglomeration and preventing loss of active surface. PtRu/C nanoparticles were anchored on the carbon supports by the impregnation method and direct reduction with hydrazine. Physical characterization of the materials was carried out using energy dispersive X-ray analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The screen printing technique was used to produce membrane electrode assemblies for single cell tests in methanol/air (DMFC). Tests were carried out using the dynamic hydrogen electrode as an electrochemical tool to evaluate the anode and cathode behavior separately.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The introduction of different metal ions in specific positions is achieved in the synthesis of [2 x 2] grid-type heterometallic complexes (see schematic representation; the black bars symbolize the ditopic ligands, and the circles the different metals ions). This novel method for the construction of inorganic architectures opens the way to a number of developments.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI