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The title redox couple, in noncoordinating perchlorate medium, has been used to probe the electrochemical behavior of different IrO2-based electrodes; pure oxide electrodes, as well as IrO2-SnO2 mixtures, have been investigated. The obtained results show that the electrode material strongly affects the electrochemical response. A tentative explanation, based on the different point of zero charge of the considered oxides, is presented.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The structure of the title compound, [RuCl3(NO)(AsPh3)2], has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The ruthenium atom is octahedrally coordinated with the arsine ligands in the trans configuration. The nu(NO) was found at 1869 cm**(-1) in the IR spectrum, which is consistent with the linearity of the Ru-N-O bond angle.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Compounds having the formula where R2 is a heteroaryl group linked to the remainder of the molecule via a carbon atom adjacent a nitrogen atom and R4 and R5 are both hydrogen atoms or together represent –SO– or –SO2 — and A is C2 -C4 alkylene optionally substituted by one or more lower alkyl groups are novel intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceutically useful piperazine derivatives as end compounds. The compounds having formula V where R4 and R5 are hydrogen may be prepared by a rearrangement of a compound having the formula (VI).

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The Ru(phen)n(bps)3-n2n-4 (n = 0-3) complexes (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bps = disulfonated 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) were prepared to probe the hydrophobia and electrostatic interactions with cationic DTAB (n-dodecyltrimethylarnmonium bromide), anionic SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and neutral C12E8 (n-dodecyl octaoxyethylene glycol monoether) surfactants. The measured emission maxima and lifetimes are consistent with the population of the Ru ? phen MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) excited state in Ru(phen)32+ and the lower-lying Ru ? bps MLCT excited state in Ru(phen)n(bps)3-n2n-4 (n = 0-2). Premicellar aggregates with oppositely charged surfactants lead to decreased overall emission intensity for all complexes. In particular, aggregates formed by Ru(bps)34- with DTAB exhibit a 22-fold decrease in emission intensity and marked changes in the electronic absorption spectrum, with a concomitant appearance of a shorter lifetime component. The photophysical characteristics of the premicellar adduct can be explained by changes in the relative energies of the emissive 3MLCT state and the 3pipi* state of the bps ligands, such that more effective deactivation of the 3MLCT through the 3pipi* state is possible. The results show that complexes possessing at least one bps ligand do not exhibit significant changes in their spectral properties upon addition of DTAB, C12E8, and SDS micelles, compared to those observed for Ru(phen)32+, interpreted as reduced interaction between bps-containing complexes and the micellized surfactants. The interactions (inferred from changes in spectral properties) between Ru(phen)32+ and the cationic DTAB system are greater than those of Ru(bps)2(phen)2- with the anionic SDS surfactant, although both complexes possess overall charge of equal magnitude. These observations can be explained in terms of the differences in the hydrophilicity of the complexes.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The reaction rate of a catalyzed reaction is faster than the reaction rate of the uncatalyzed reaction at the same temperature.10049-08-8, Name is Ruthenium(III) chloride, molecular formula is Cl3Ru. In a Article,once mentioned of 10049-08-8, Application In Synthesis of Ruthenium(III) chloride

The kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of atenolol by diperiodatocuprate(III) in aqueous alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of I = 0.10 M has been studied spectrophotometrically at 27C. The reaction between diperiodatocuprate(III) and atenolol in alkaline medium in presence of ruthenium(III) exhibits 2: 1 stoichiometry (atenolol: diperiodatocuprate(III)). The main products were identified by spot test, IR, NMR, and LC-MS. The reaction is of first order in DPC concentrations and has less than unit order in both ATN and alkali concentrations. The order in ruthenium(III) was unity. Intervention of free radicals was observed in the reaction. Increase in periodate concentration decreases the rate. The oxidation reaction in alkaline medium has been shown to proceed via a ruthenium(III)-atenolol complex, which reacts with monoperiodatocuprate(III) in a rate determining step followed by other fast steps to give the products. Probable mechanism is proposed and discussed. The activation parameters with respect to the slow step of the mechanism and thermodynamic quantities were determined and discussed. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Kinetics of Ru(III) catalysed oxidation of glycine (GLy), alpha-alanine (alpha-ala), beta-alanine (beta-ala) leucine (Leu), phenyl glycine (Ph-gly) and phenyl alanine (Ph-ala) by N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of mercuric acetate have been studied in aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sulphuric acid.The oxidation products were identified as corresponding aldehydes, ammonia, and carbondioxide.The order of was found to be unity both in catalysed as well as uncatalysed reactions.However the first order of changed from unity to a fractional one in the presence of Ru(III).The applicability of Taft’s equation was tested.On the basis of kinetic features the probable mechanisms were discussed and individual rate parameters evaluated.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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This paper describes a new technique entitled scanning differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (SDEMS) that combines a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a membrane-covered capillary inlet and a high resolution positioning system that is designed to perform spatial mapping in solution near an electrode interface. Potential applications of this technique include the local characterization of anode catalysts for fuel cells as well as a range of analytical measurements and combinatorial screening studies. The capabilities of this technique are demonstrated by monitoring product evolution in several model electrocatalytic reactions, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, carbon monoxide oxidation, and the direct oxidation of methanol on platinum and platinum-ruthenium electrodes. The inlet of the SDEMS is based upon a small diameter capillary tube to which a nanoporous, hydrophobic membrane is attached. The capillary inlet is positioned near a substrate electrode using a three-dimensional positioning system. The effect of capillary substrate separation and substrate current on the sensitivity and time response of mass spectrometer’s ion current are illustrated during hydrogen evolution at a platinum substrate. The sensitivity is demonstrated further by detection of carbon dioxide evolution during the oxidation of a monolayer of carbon monoxide adsorbed on platinum. The ability to address more complex reactions involving complete and partial oxidation products is illustrated with methanol oxidation. In order to demonstrate the ability of this technique to perform spatial mapping, an eight-element band electrode was interrogated for hydrogen evolution and methanol oxidation. Detection of ion currents associated with complete and partial oxidation products of methanol on a set of platinum-ruthenium band electrodes illustrates the ability of this method to spatially discriminate between various reactive sites on a surface, which has potential utility in analytical characterization as well as application as a screening tool in combinatorial catalysis studies.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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1H NMR spectroscopy and viscosity measurements have been used to study the oligonucleotide binding of the Delta-and Lambda-enantiomers of the metal complex [Ru(dmphen)2dpq]2+ (dmphen = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and dpq = dipyrido[3,2-f:2?,3?-h]quinoxaline). The addition of either enantiomer to d(GTCGAC)2 induced large upfield shifts and significant broadening for the hexanucleotide imino and metal complex dpq resonances. These data coupled with the observed increase in the melting transition midpoint of the hexanucleotide duplex upon addition of either enantiomer suggests that both Delta- and Lambda-[Ru(dmphen)2dpq]2+ bind by intercalation. A significant number of metal complex to hexanucleotide NOE contacts were observed in NOESY spectra of d(GTCGAC)2 with added Delta- or Lambda-[Ru(dmphen)2dpq]2+. The observed intermolecular NOEs were consistent with both enantiomers intercalating between the G4A5 bases of one strand and the T2C3 bases of the complementary strand. Intermolecular NOEs from the dmphen protons were only observed to protons located in the hexanucleotide minor groove. Alternatively, NOE contacts from the dpq protons were observed to both major and minor groove protons. The NOE data suggest that the dpq ligand of the Delta-enantiomer intercalates deeply into the hexanucleotide base stack while the Lambda-enantiomer can only partially intercalate. Viscosity measurements were consistent with the proposed intercalation binding models. The addition of the Delta-enantiomer increased the relative viscosity of the DNA solution, while a decrease in the relative viscosity of the DNA was observed upon addition of the Lambda-metal complex. These results confirm our proposal that octahedral metallointercalators can intercalate from the minor groove. In addition, the results demonstrate that the left-handed enantiomer of [Ru(dmphen)2dpq]2+ prefers to intercalate from the narrow minor groove despite only being able to partially insert a polycyclic aromatic ligand into the DNA base stack.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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A convergent methodology for the synthesis of metallodendrimers is described in which the key step is the reaction of a metal-complex containing a coordinated nucleophile with a multifunctional electrophile; using this methodology, linear and starburst tetra-, hexa- and nona-ruthenium metallodendrimers are prepared.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The RuCl3 and RuO2*nH2O catalyzed oxidation of alkanes, aromatic fatty acids, alcohols, citronellol and hydroxycitronellol by NaOCl was studied in the diphase system CCl4-aqueous NaOCl at pH 13-13.5.At 60 – 65 deg C, using 1-2 mole percent of catalyst and a 1.5-fold molar excess of NaOCl, primary alkanols (hexanol-1, 2-ethylhexanol-1, decanol-1, hexadecanol-1) benzyl and 3-phenylpropyl alcohols, and hydroxycitronellol are converted to the corresponding aldehydes with a selectivity of 70-90percent and a yield of over 75percent.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI