Archives for Chemistry Experiments of Chlorocyclopentadienylbis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)

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Reactions of the racemic iron diallyl sulfide complex [(eta5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(PPh3)(S(CH 2-CH=CH2)2)]+BF4 – and t-BuOK (CH2Cl2 or THF, -80 to -60C) give the thiolate complex (eta5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(PPh 3)(SCH(CH=CH2)CH2CH=CH2) (65-92%) as 77-68:23-32 mixtures of SS,RR/SR,RS Fe,SC diastereomers. Reactions of the enantiomerically pure ruthenium diallyl sulfide complexes [(eta5-C5H5)Ru(S,S-chiraphos)(S(CH 2CR=CH2)2)]+PF6 – (5+PF6-; R = a, H; R = b, CH3) and t-BuOK (CH2Cl2, -98C) give the thiolate complexes (eta5-C5H5)Ru(S,S-chiraphos)(SCH(CR=CH 2)CH2CR=CH2) as 78:22 (8a, >99%) and 87:13 (8b, 97%) mixtures of chromatographically separable SSS/SSR PC,P?C?,SC diastereomers. These transformations likely involve intermediate sulfur ylides as described in the title. Reactions of 8a,b with CH3I or PhCH2I and then NaI (acetone, reflux) give, via cationic methyl or benzyl sulfide complexes, enantiomerically enriched R?SCH(CH2CR=CH2)CR=CH2 (R/R? = H/CH3, 75%; CH3/CH3, 71%; H/PhCH2 and CH3/PhCH2, >99%) and (eta5-C5H5)Ru(S,S-chiraphos)(I) (6, ?97%). Complex 6 is readily recycled to enantiomerically pure 5a,b+PF6- (NH4+PF6-, CH3OH, S(CH2CR=CH2)2; 94-97%).

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The photophysical behavior of the transition metal complexes <<(bpy)2Ru>2(bphb)>(PF6)4, <<(tpy)(CN)Ru>2(bphb)>(PF6)2, and <(bpy)2Ru(bphp)Ru(tpy)(CN)>(PF6)4 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, tpy = 2,2′,6′,2”-terpyridine, bphb = 1,4-bis(2,2′-bipyrid-4-yl)benzene) was investigated in acetonitrile solution and low-temperature glasses.Luminescence spectra, excitation spectra, and transient absorption decays of the three complexes serve to show that intramolecular electronic energy transfer from the MLCT excited state of the <(bpy)2Ru(bphb) chromophore to the MLCT state of the tpy-containing chromophore occurs in the unsymmetric bimetallic complex.Nearly complete energy transfer from the <(bpy)2Ru(bphb)> chromophore to the tpy-containing chromophore was observed even in 4:1 ethanol:methanol glasses at 20 K.A semiclassical exchange energy transfer mechanism was used to treat the available data; the Franck-Condon weighted density of states (FCWD) was obtained using parameters determined from fits of luminescence spectra.Given the FCWD at room temperature and the experimental rate constant, an electronic coupling matrix element of approximately 60 cm-1 was determined for this system.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

Some scientific research about Dichloro(benzene)ruthenium(II) dimer

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2,2?-Dipyridylamine (dpa) derivatives carrying a thiol-targeted maleimide group located at the end of an alkyl substituent on the central amine were synthesized. Reaction with the organometallic precursors [(eta6-arene)RuCl2]2 (arene = benzene or p-cymene) yielded the half-sandwich cationic complexes [(eta6-arene)Ru(dpa)Cl]+ where the dipyridylamine derivatives were coordinated as bidentate N,N donor ligands. Enzymatic studies showed that these derivatives were able to inactivate the cysteine endoproteinase papain by S-alkylation of the cysteine active site.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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[Ru(bpy)2(py-SO3)]+ (bpy = 2,2?-bipyridine and py-SO3 = pyridine-2-sulfonate) was found to undergo py-SO3 dissociation upon visible light irradiation (?470 nm) via Ru-O homolysis, producing reactive free radical species, and is thus able to not only photobind but also photocleave DNA in hypoxic conditions. This journal is

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Highly conjugated perinones were evaluated as proligands with [Ru(eta6-arene)Cl2]2 precursors (arene = p-cymene or benzene). None of them, except itaco-perinone (IP) bearing one exocyclic methylene group, were able to form coordination compounds. Expected eta1-coordination through the lone pair of the nitrogen or oxygen atoms of the perinone did not occur. Instead a deprotonation reaction involving the exocyclic methylene was observed and the corresponding [Ru(eta6-arene)(eta3-IP)Cl] complex was isolated in moderate yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the base-promoted isomerization of itaco-perinone to citraco-perinone prevented higher yields in the synthesis of the allylic complexes. Additionally, it was observed that IP can dimerize through the exocyclic methylene group, indicating high reactivity of this carbon?carbon double bond. Electronic absorption and emission properties of the perinones and organometallic compounds were studied.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

Can You Really Do Chemisty Experiments About Cis-Dichlorobis(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)

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The cis-[Ru(bpy)2(4-bzpy)(NO)](PF6)3 complex was prepared (4-bzpy = 4-benzoylpyridine), and characterized by UV-visible, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and electrochemical techniques. The reaction with cysteine was preliminarily investigated, aiming to shed light on the potential biological mechanism for NO or HNO release mediated by thiols. Furthermore, photochemical behavior of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(4-bzpy)(NO)](PF6)3 was studied, where it was observed NO release upon ultraviolet, blue and green light irradiations. This latter long wavelength showed still good efficiency, which has not been reported for this type of complex. This feature is very important for a potential application in phototherapy. Additionally, vasorelaxant activity was investigated in rat-isolated aorta. This compound exhibited a greater maximum efficacy than sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a blood vessel relaxant. Nevertheless, the EC50 for SNP (13.3 nmol L-1) was 52-fold smaller than the EC50 for cis-[Ru(bpy)2(4-bzpy)NO](PF6)3 (690 nmol L-1). Altogether, these results suggest this complex is a promising NO donor agent deserving further biological studies.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Over the past 20 years, ruthenium(II)-based dyes have played a pivotal role in turning dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) into a mature technology for the third generation of photovoltaics. However, the classic I3-/I- redox couple limits the performance and application of this technique. Simply replacing the iodine-based redox couple by new types like cobalt(3+/2+) complexes was not successful because of the poor compatibility between the ruthenium(II) sensitizer and the cobalt redox species. To address this problem and achieve higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), we introduce here six new cyclometalated ruthenium(II)-based dyes developed through ligand engineering. We tested DSCs employing these ruthenium(II) complexes and achieved PCEs of up to 9.4% using cobalt(3+/2+)-based electrolytes, which is the record efficiency to date featuring a ruthenium-based dye. In view of the complicated liquid DSC system, the disagreement found between different characterizations enlightens us about the importance of the sensitizer loading on TiO2, which is a subtle but equally important factor in the electronic properties of the sensitizers.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

Simple exploration of Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate

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The present invention relates to compounds which are inhibitors of the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 enzyme. The present invention further relates to the use of inhibitors of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 enzyme for the treatment of non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, metabolic syndrome, and other diseases and conditions that are mediated by excessive glucocorticoid action.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Two new ruthenium(II) complexes of formula [Ru(bpy)2-(L 1)][PF6] and [Ru(bpy)2(L2)][PF 6]2 are reported. HL1 is a (nitrophenyl) ethenyl-substituted phenylpyridine ligand, and L2 is the bipyridine analogue of HL1. The X-ray crystal structure of [Ru(bpy) 2(L1)][PF6] has been solved, and the compound is found to crystallize in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The electronic spectrum of the cyclometalated derivative [Ru(bpy)2(L 1)][PF6] exhibits a low-lying transition that is red-shifted from 454 to 546 nm relative to that of the parent bipyridine-based complex, which reveals an important charge-transfer character. To support this assumption, the nonlinear optical properties were investigated by the hyper-Rayleigh scattering technique and indicate a molecular static hyperpolarizability (beta0) equal to 230 × 10-30 cm5 esu-1. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The aryl propargylic alcohol 1-[2-(thiophen-3-yl)phenyl]prop-2-yn-1-ol (1a) is readily prepared from 2-(thiophen-3-yl)benzaldehyde. In the presence of visible light, treatment of 1a with one-half mole equivalent of [Ru]Cl ([Ru]-Cp(dppe)Ru) (dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and NH 4PF6 in O2 affords the naphtha[2,1-b]thiophene- 4-carbaldehyde (4a) in high yields. The cyclization reaction of 1a proceeds through the formation of the carbene complex 2a that contains the naphtha[2,1-b]thiophene ring, which is isolated in a 1:1 stoichiometric reaction. The C-C bond formation between the inner carbon of the terminal triple bond and the heterocyclic ring is confirmed by structure determination of 2a using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Facile oxygenation of 2a by O2 yields the aldehyde product 4a accompanied by the formation of phosphine oxide of dppe. Oxygen is most likely activated by coordination to the ruthenium center when one PPh2 unit of the dppe ligand dissociates. This dissociated PPh2 unit then reacts with the coordinated oxygen nearby to generate half-oxidized dppe ligand and an unobserved oxo-carbene intermediate. Coupling of the oxo/carbene ligands followed by demetalation then yields 4a. Presumably the resulting complex with the half-oxidized dppe ligand continuously promotes cyclization/oxygenation of 1a to yield the second aldehyde molecule. In alcohol such as MeOH or EtOH, the oxygenation reaction affords a mixture of 4a and the corresponding esters 5a or 5a’. Four other aryl propargylic alcohols 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, which contain thiophen-2-yl, isopropenyl, fur-3-yl, and fur-2-yl, respectively, on the aryl ring are also prepared. Analogous aldehydes 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e are similarly prepared from 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, respectively. For oxygenations of 1b, 1d, and 1e in alcohol, mixtures of aldehyde 4, ester 5, and acetal 8 are obtained. The carbene complex 2b obtained from 1b was also characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The UV/Vis spectra of 2a and 2b consist of absorption bands with a high extinction coefficient. From DFT calculations on 2a and 2b, the visible light is found to populate the LUMO antibonding orbital of mainly Ru-C bonds, thereby weakening the Ru-C bond and promoting the oxygenation/demetalation reactions of 2. Making light of things: In a one-batch process, cyclization of phenyl propargylic alcohols 1 a with an olefinic group on the ruthenium-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino) ethane (dppe) complex first afforded the carbene complexes 2 a, then oxygenation of 2 a is promoted by visible light to cause cleavage of the Ru-C bond to generate aldehyde products 4 a (see scheme). Copyright

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI