Children learn through play, and they learn more than adults might expect. Science experiments are a great way to spark their curiosity, get their minds active, and encourage them to do something that doesn¡¯t involve a screen. 37366-09-9, C12H12Cl4Ru2. A document type is Article, introducing its new discovery., category: ruthenium-catalysts
New organoruthenium compounds with pyrido[2?,3?:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1, 10]phenanthroline: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and investigation of mechanism of action
Abstract: Three new ruthenium(II)-arene complexes with pyrido[2?,3?:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1, 10]phenanthroline (ppf) of general formula: C1 ([(?6-benzene)Ru(ppf)Cl]PF6, C2 ([(?6-toluene)Ru(ppf)Cl]PF6) and C3 ([(?6-p-cymene)Ru(ppf)Cl]PF6) have been synthesized. The structures of complexes were determined by elemental analysis, IR, ESI?MS, as well as with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Cytotoxic activity has been evaluated in three different human neoplastic cell lines (A549, A375, LS 174T) and in one human non-tumor cell line (MRC-5), by the MTT assay. Complexes C1?C3 showed IC50 values in the micromolar range below 100?muM. Complex C3, carrying ?6-p-cymene as the arene ligand, exhibited cytoselective activity toward human malignant melanoma A375 cells (IC50 = 15.8 ¡À 2.7?muM), and has been selected for further analyses of its biological effects. Drug-accumulation study performed in the A375 cells disclosed that C3 possess lower ability of entering the cells compared to cisplatin and distributes approximately equally in the cytosol and membrane/organelle fraction of cells. Investigations in the 3D model of A375 cells, disclosed different effects of the complex C3 and cisplatin on growth of multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs). While the size of cisplatin-treated MCTSs decreased with time, MCTSs treated with C3 continued to growth. Differences in structural organization and biological activity of this type of ruthenium(II)-arene complexes versus cisplatin in A375 malignant melanoma cells pointed out their different modes of action, and necessity for further biological studies and optimizations for potential applications. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI